Study Electronics & Communication Engineering
1. The principle of pattern multiplication states that “the radiation pattern of an array is the product of the pattern of the individual antenna with the array pattern of isotropic point sources each located at the phase centre of the individual source.” 2. The array pattern is a function of the location of the antennas […]
Principle of Pattern Multiplication Read More »
1. It is a radiating element which has the shape of a horn. It is a waveguide, one end of which is flared out. 2. A waveguide, when excited at one end and open at the second end, radiates. 3. However, radiation is poor and non-directive pattern results because of the mismatch between the waveguide
Horn Antenna: Types, Operation, Applications Read More »
1. The polarization of the antenna is defined as the polarization of its radiated wave. 2. The polarization of EM wave is the direction of its electric field. 3. An electric field consists of both Eθ and Eϕ components. 4. The direction of rotation of electric field along the direction of propagation represents the sense
Measurement of Polarization of Antenna Read More »
The ionosphere is divided meteorologically into different regions or layers and each layer exhibit different characteristics. The layers of the ionosphere are: D-Layer E-Layer Es-Layer F1-Layer F2-Layer 1. Characteristics of D-Layer: It is the lowest layer of the ionosphere. It exists at an average height of 70 km. Its thickness is 10 km. It exists
Characteristics of different ionospheric layers Read More »
1. The propagation of electromagnetic waves near the surface of the earth is known as ground wave propagation. It is also known as surface wave propagation. 2. A wave is said to be a ground wave or surface wave when it propagates from the transmitter to receiver by gliding over the surface of the earth
Ground Wave Propagation & Angle of Tilt Read More »